1. Tenses Overview
- Present Simple: "She works every day."
- Present Continuous: "She is working now."
- Past Simple: "She worked yesterday."
- Past Continuous: "She was working when I called."
- Present Perfect Simple: "She has worked here for two years."
- Present Perfect Continuous: "She has been working here since morning."
- Past Perfect Simple: "She had worked before the meeting."
- Past Perfect Continuous: "She had been working for an hour when I arrived."
- Future Simple (Will): "She will work tomorrow."
- Future Continuous: "She will be working at 8 pm."
- Future Perfect: "She will have finished by then."
- Future Perfect Continuous: "She will have been working for three hours by the time you arrive."
2. Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous
- Present Perfect Simple: Focus on the result: "I have written the report."
- Present Perfect Continuous: Focus on the duration: "I have been writing the report all day."
3. Past Simple vs. Present Perfect
- Past Simple: "I saw the movie last week." (Specific time in the past)
- Present Perfect: "I have seen the movie." (Experience, no specific time)
4. Future Forms
- Will: Spontaneous decisions, promises: "I will help you."
- Going to: Plans and intentions: "I am going to travel next month."
- Present Continuous: Fixed arrangements: "I am meeting her at 7 pm."
- Future Continuous: Ongoing actions in the future: "I will be studying at 5 pm."
- Future Perfect: Completed actions before a specific time in the future: "I will have finished my work by 6 pm."
- Future Perfect Continuous: Duration of actions up to a point in the future: "By next month, I will have been working here for two years."
5. Conditionals
- Zero Conditional: General truths: "If you heat water, it boils."
- First Conditional: Real possibilities: "If it rains, I will stay home."
- Second Conditional: Hypothetical situations: "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."
- Third Conditional: Past hypotheticals: "If I had known, I would have called you."
- Mixed Conditionals: Mixed time references: "If I had studied harder, I would be successful now."
6. Modal Verbs
- Ability: "I can swim." / "She could speak Spanish."
- Possibility: "It may rain tomorrow." / "She might be at home."
- Permission: "You may leave early." / "Can I go out?"
- Obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt." / "You have to finish the report."
- Advice: "You should see a doctor." / "You ought to be careful."
- Prohibition: "You mustn't smoke here."
- Lack of necessity: "You don't have to come if you're busy."
- Deduction: "He must be the manager." / "She can't be at work."
7. Passive Voice
- Present Simple: "The letter is written."
- Past Simple: "The letter was written."
- Present Continuous: "The letter is being written."
- Past Continuous: "The letter was being written."
- Present Perfect: "The letter has been written."
- Past Perfect: "The letter had been written."
- Modals: "The letter must be written."
8. Reported Speech
- Statements: "He said (that) he was tired."
- Questions: "She asked if I was coming."
- Commands: "He told me to sit down."
- Reporting Verbs: "advise," "suggest," "recommend," etc.: "He advised me to take the train."
9. Relative Clauses
- Defining Relative Clauses: "The man who is sitting there is my uncle."
- Non-defining Relative Clauses: "My uncle, who is a doctor, lives in London."
- Omitting Relative Pronouns: "The book (that) I read was interesting."
10. Quantifiers
- "some," "any," "much," "many," "a lot of," "plenty of," "a few," "a little," "few," "little."
- Usage in various contexts: "There are many people here," "I have a few friends."
11. Gerunds and Infinitives
- Gerunds: "I enjoy swimming."
- Infinitives: "I want to swim."
- Verbs with both: "I started to swim." / "I started swimming."
- Gerunds after prepositions: "I am good at swimming."
12. Phrasal Verbs
- Common phrasal verbs: "give up," "take off," "put on," "look after."
- Usage: "I gave up smoking," "She looks after her brother."
13. Articles
- Definite Article: "the" - "the sun," "the best."
- Indefinite Articles: "a," "an" - "a car," "an apple."
- Zero Article: Used with general concepts: "Love is important."
14. Adjectives and Adverbs
- Order of Adjectives: "a small round wooden table."
- Comparative and Superlative Forms: "more interesting," "the most interesting."
- Adverbs of Degree: "quite," "very," "too," "enough" - "She is quite happy."
15. Expressing Preferences, Hopes, and Desires
- Would like: "I would like to visit Paris."
- Hope: "I hope to see you soon."
- Wish: "I wish I had more time."
16. Expressions of Quantity
- A lot of / Lots of: "There are a lot of people."
- A few / A little: "I need a little help."
17. Question Tags
- Positive Statement, Negative Tag: "You're coming, aren't you?"
- Negative Statement, Positive Tag: "You don't like it, do you?"
18. Causative Form
- Structure: "Have/Get + object + past participle"
- Example: "I had my hair cut."
19. Linking Words
- Reason: "because," "since," "as."
- Contrast: "but," "although," "however."
- Result: "so," "therefore."
- Purpose: "to," "in order to," "so as to."
- Addition: "and," "also," "as well as."
20. Intensifiers
- "very," "really," "extremely," "quite."
- Example: "She is really happy."
21. Indirect Questions
- Indirect questions for politeness: "Could you tell me where the station is?"
22. Collocations
- Common collocations: "make a decision," "take a break," "have a shower."
- Usage in context: "I need to make a decision."
23. Expressions of Obligation and Necessity
- Must: Strong obligation: "You must wear a seatbelt."
- Have to: Necessity: "I have to go now."
- Should/Ought to: Advice: "You should eat more fruit."
24. Relative Pronouns and Clauses
- "who," "whom," "whose," "which," "that."
- Usage in relative clauses: "The person who called was my friend."
25. Narrative Tenses
- Past Simple: Main events: "I woke up."
- Past Continuous: Background: "It was raining."
- Past Perfect: Earlier events: "I had eaten breakfast before I left."
This list includes the comprehensive grammar points for B1 level English, providing learners with a deeper understanding and more complex use of the language.
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