C1 LEVEL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

 1. Advanced Verb Tenses and Aspects

• Future Perfect Continuous:
  • "By next year, I will have been working here for five years."
• Past Perfect Continuous for Cause:
  • "She was tired because she had been working all day."
• Narrative Tenses:
  • Mixing past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and past perfect continuous in storytelling: "He had been driving for hours when he realized he had forgotten his wallet."
• Present Perfect Simple vs. Continuous with Focus on Result:
  • "I have finished my homework." (Result-focused)
  • "I have been working on my homework." (Activity-focused)

2. Complex Sentences and Clauses

• Advanced Relative Clauses:
  • Use of "whom," "whose," "whereby": "The person to whom I was speaking was very helpful."
• Non-defining Relative Clauses with Prepositions:
  • "The house, in which I grew up, has been sold."
• Reduced Relative Clauses:
  • "Anyone interested in the job should apply now." (Reduced from: "Anyone who is interested...")
• Advanced Noun Clauses:
  • "That he was lying was obvious."
  • "It is important that you be there."

3. Inversion and Emphasis

• Inversion with Negative Adverbials:
  • "Never before have I seen such beauty."
  • "Seldom do we get this kind of opportunity."
• Inversion after "So" and "Such":
  • "So rare was the event that people came from all over to see it."
  • "Such was the force of the explosion that windows shattered."
• Cleft Sentences for Emphasis:
  • It-cleft: "It was John who made the mistake."
  • What-cleft: "What really bothers me is his attitude."

4. Advanced Modal Verbs and Related Structures

• Past Modals for Criticism, Regret, and Possibility:
  • "You should have told me earlier." (Criticism)
  • "He might have left already." (Possibility)
• Hypothetical Meaning with Modals:
  • "He would often stay late at the office." (Habitual past)
• Modal Perfect Continuous:
  • "She might have been working late."

5. Complex Conditionals

• Mixed Conditionals with Inversion:
  • "Had he known about the meeting, he would have attended."
• Conditionals with Multiple Clauses:
  • "If it hadn't rained, and if we had left earlier, we would have arrived on time."
• Advanced Uses of "Unless," "Provided that," "As long as":
  • "You can borrow the car as long as you drive carefully."

6. Reported Speech

• Advanced Reporting with Modals and Conditionals:
  • Direct: "I would have helped if I had known."
  • Reported: "She said she would have helped if she had known."
• Complex Reporting Verbs:
  • "He denied having stolen the money."
  • "She suggested that we leave early."
• Reporting with Changing Verb Forms:
  • "He said he had been planning to go."

7. Advanced Use of Passive Voice

• Passive Infinitives:
  • "The work is expected to be finished by tomorrow."
• Passive with Reporting Verbs:
  • "It is said that he is the best player."
  • "He is believed to have left the country."
• Complex Passive Structures:
  • "Having been informed of the news, they decided to cancel the event."

8. Advanced Sentence Structures

• Subjunctive Mood:
  • "I demand that he leave immediately."
• Advanced Conjunctions and Linking Words:
  • Contrast: "Nevertheless," "nonetheless," "whereas."
  • Cause and Effect: "Owing to," "inasmuch as."
• Ellipsis:
  • "She was happy, and so was I." (Ellipsis of "happy")
  • "I could have helped, but I didn't." (Ellipsis of "helped")

9. Nominalization

• Turning Verbs and Adjectives into Nouns for Formality:
  • "Deciding" becomes "decision": "The decision was made."
  • "Effective" becomes "effectiveness": "The effectiveness of the plan was questioned."

10. Advanced Prepositional Phrases

• Phrases for Formal Writing:
  • "In light of the recent events..."
  • "In accordance with the guidelines..."
• Idiomatic Prepositional Phrases:
  • "In terms of," "in favor of," "in relation to."

11. Advanced Vocabulary and Collocations

• Complex Collocations:
  • "Take into account," "come to terms with," "bring to light."
• Fixed Expressions and Idioms:
  • "By and large," "to be on the safe side," "to take something for granted."
• Multi-word Verbs with Complex Meanings:
  • "To put up with," "to come up with," "to get away with."

12. Advanced Gerunds and Infinitives

• Gerunds after Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs:
  • "He is good at playing the piano."
  • "I look forward to hearing from you."
• Complex Gerund Structures:
  • "Having finished the project, they went on holiday."
• Infinitives with Passive Meaning:
  • "This book is interesting to read." (The book provides interest when read)

13. Discourse Markers and Cohesive Devices

• Showing Cause, Contrast, Addition:
  • "On the contrary," "in addition to," "despite the fact that."
• Sequencing and Structuring Ideas:
  • "Firstly," "subsequently," "ultimately."
• Summarizing and Concluding:
  • "In summary," "to conclude," "all things considered."

14. Advanced Adjective and Adverb Use

• Adjective Clauses and Adverb Clauses:
  • "He is a person whom I can trust."
  • "As soon as he arrived, the meeting started."
• Comparatives and Superlatives with Emphasis:
  • "Far more interesting," "by far the best."
• Compound Adjectives and Adverbs:
  • "Well-known author," "highly-anticipated event."

15. Complex Noun Phrases

• Expanded Noun Phrases:
  • "The recently discovered manuscript" instead of "the manuscript."
• Appositives:
  • "Mr. Smith, the head of the department, was there."

16. Advanced Use of Articles

• Omission of Articles:
  • "She was made president." (Omitting "the")
• Generic vs. Specific Reference:
  • "The tiger is a dangerous animal." vs. "Tigers are dangerous animals."

17. Verb Patterns and Structures

• Verb + Object + Bare Infinitive:
  • "She made him leave."
• Verb + Object + Past Participle:
  • "They had the house painted."

18. Subordination and Coordination

• Subordinating Conjunctions:
  • "Although," "even though," "provided that."
• Correlative Conjunctions:
  • "Not only... but also," "either... or," "neither... nor."

19. Advanced Conjunctions and Connectors

• Purpose and Reason:
  • "So that," "in order that."
• Contrast and Concession:
  • "Even if," "much as."
• Complex Time Expressions:
  • "By the time," "no sooner... than."

20. Subjunctive and Unreal Uses

• Expressing Wishes and Hypotheticals:
  • "I wish I were rich."
  • "Suppose you had won the lottery."
• Expressions of Urgency and Suggestion:
  • "It is vital that he be informed."

21. Advanced Report Structures

• Reporting using Infinitive Structures:
  • "He is said to be the best in his field."
• Reporting Questions with Complex Tenses:
  • "She asked what I had been doing."

22. Advanced Verb Forms

• Participial Phrases for Conciseness:
  • "Walking down the street, he noticed the shop."
• Gerunds as Subjects:
  • "Reading is his favorite hobby."

23. Hypothetical Situations

• Advanced Conditional Phrases:
  • "If it were not for his help, we wouldn't have succeeded."
• Expressions for Imaginary Situations:
  • "If only I had known."

24. Concessive Clauses

• Expressing Contrast with Concessives:
  • "Much as I like her, I can't agree with her decision."
  • "However hard he tried, he couldn't succeed."

At the C1 level, learners are expected to have a comprehensive grasp of complex grammar structures and the ability to use them flexibly and effectively in various contexts, both in formal and informal communication.